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美國(guó)藝術(shù)與科學(xué)院院士、北京大學(xué)建筑與景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)俞孔堅(jiān)在采訪中特別強(qiáng)調(diào),景觀設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)走向以生存為導(dǎo)向的實(shí)踐,從城市生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)到國(guó)土空間的規(guī)劃和生態(tài)修復(fù),應(yīng)成為構(gòu)建韌性城市和國(guó)土的中間力量。他在中國(guó)東南部農(nóng)村的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷對(duì)其景觀理念產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。自哈佛大學(xué)博士畢業(yè)后,他將中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)智慧與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)相結(jié)合,進(jìn)行“海綿城市”理念的實(shí)踐,發(fā)展基于自然的解決方案,倡導(dǎo)從生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施到建筑空間的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方式。目前,俞孔堅(jiān)教授及其團(tuán)隊(duì)已在10多個(gè)國(guó)家的250多個(gè)城市建成了1000多個(gè)的城市生態(tài)修復(fù)工程。為解決日益嚴(yán)重的氣候危機(jī),他不斷推動(dòng)景觀設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的根本性變革。
Kongjian Yu is principal designer at Turenscape, the Beijing-based landscape and urbanism firm he founded in 1998, and dean of the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture at Peking University. He also founded and runs the Turenscape Academy, a non-accredited, hands-on program focused on rural regeneration and located in a small town in Anhui Province. With more than 500 employees, Turenscape has become a powerhouse firm that has designed and built nearly a thousand projects in China and around the world. In 2023, the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum named Yu a National Design Award winner and The Cultural Landscape Foundation honored him with its biennial Oberlander Prize. In 2020, the International Federation of Landscape Architects recognized him with its highest honor, the Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award.
Kongjian Yu. Photo ? Turenscape
RECORD recently spoke with Yu about the role landscape architecture can play at various scales, his engagement with the Chinese government, recent Turenscape projects, and the need to integrate indoor and outdoor environments.
For the first 17 yeas of my life, I was immersed in the challenges of living in a small village shaped by its monsoon climate. In the 1960s, Dong Yu village had fewer than 500 residents. It sat along White Sand Creek, which flowed from the mountains through 36 weirs, irrigating the farmland. Seven ponds held rainwater for use during the year, acting as a kind of sponge. During the monsoon, carp would swim up the creek and we would catch them. It was an immersive and intimate experience of nature and community with a range of scales, textures, and proportions that shaped my understanding of landscape. Years later, when I returned, I found my village had been destroyed.
I studied in the landscape gardening program. For thousands of years, “l(fā)andscape” in China meant “gardening,” usually pleasure gardens for the rich. I began to understand that landscape needed to be the art of survival, especially in a country that was transforming the land with gray infrastructure and in a world affected by climate change. When I returned to China in the late 1990s, my goal was to graft the scientific education I got at Harvard with the wisdom of ancient Chinese farming and water management practices.
A diagram explaining the sponge city concept concieved by Yu. Image ? Kongjian Yu
Water is the key. Seventy percent of wetlands around the globe are disappearing. We need to manage water wisely. This will reduce temperatures in our cities, recover habitat, and reduce carbon emissions. So, I have developed the concept of sponge cities, which is a nature-based, water-driven, and holistic landscape solution to address climate change. It’s a philosophy that’s the opposite of the conventional strategy of building hard infrastructure like seawalls, river channels, and dams. I’m now scaling up this approach, developing ideas for a ‘sponge planet’ to deal with the ecological crisis we face. We need to work across scales, from regional ecological infrastructure and urbanism to nature-based architecture and down to green walls inside of buildings. We need to create a seamless integration of outdoor and indoor spaces.
I have written letters to leaders at all levels of government, from local officials to President Xi Jinping, explaining my ideas for ecological urbanism and nature-based planning. I have given more than 600 lectures to mayors around the country and talked to them about successful projects. In 2018, Terreform published many of my letters along with essays by geographers, urban historians, and critical theorists in Letters to the Leaders of China. I have also written three textbooks for educating Chinese officials. One of them, titled Build Beautiful China, includes a contribution by President Xi. My goal is to use the top-down system of government to change the way cities develop. [According to a recent article in Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency, the nation’s latest five-year plan (2021-25) allocates about $8.4 billion for the construction of sponge cities.]
Unfortunately, no. They’ve only adopted some of the labels — such as sponge city and ecological city.
My goal is to revitalize rural areas with agrarian urbanism, bringing them into the 21st century while retaining their traditional character. High-speed trains and fast internet allow this change to occur, raising the standard of living for the rural poor and attracting digital nomads. I established Turenscape Academy in the village of Xixinan in 2008 as an alternative form of education and a catalyst for rural development. Olmsted made cities more pastoral. I’m trying to make villages more urban.
One of my goals is to do more projects in the developing world where cities need to adapt to climate change and evolve in more sustainable ways. Turenscape recently completed Benjakitti Forest Park, a 100-acre project in the heart of Bangkok that transformed an old tobacco factory into a low-maintenance, regenerative system that intercepts and reduces the impact of storm water, filters contaminated water, and creates habitat for wildlife and a much-needed recreational space for people. Completed in just 18 months, it offers a replicable model for urban engineering that can turn lifeless, concrete-paved areas into resilient ecosystems. I have spoken recently to groups in Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh, and Brazil about sponge-city concepts and hope to do work in those places.
Turenscape is also working on two projects in the desert, in Xinjiang [a province in China’s northwest]. The municipal government of Hami has hired us to design an underground city that capitalizes on local earth forms to reduce the impact on the ecological context while creating a livable environment below the surface. It will be a kind of upgraded Biosphere 2, but with an open system that recycles water and nutrients (waste) and captures solar and wind energy. A second project in Hami City is the Museum of Pterosaur [a series of elliptical forms emerging from the earth].
The landscape architecture profession needs fundamental change, so it can address the challenge of climate change. In just the last few months, there has been unprecedented flooding in Brazil, Bolivia, and China. Landscape must be infrastructure for a new, more sustainable lifestyle.
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